Namibia

Namibia – known as “South West Africa” from 1915 to 1990 – did not gain independence from South Africa until 1990, and only following significant international pressure. Its name is derived from the Namib Desert, which covers the entire coastal strip of this very sparsely populated country. Namibia is almost two and a half times the size of Germany, but is home to just 2.5 million people.

Namibia has a stable democratic political system. It is classified as a higher middle-income country by the World Bank. However, wealth distribution is among the most unequal in the world. Some sections of Namibia’s population enjoy a standard of living comparable to Europe, but over 40 per cent were suffering from multidimensional poverty even before the start of the COVID-19 crisis. This section of the population not only has a low income but also has limited access to education, healthcare and standards of living.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, Namibia was forced to introduce strict measures to contain the spread of the virus, which have had a huge social and economic impact. The economy temporarily collapsed, tourism – a key industry for Namibia – was largely suspended, and the number of people living in poverty rose dramatically. There has since been a slight recovery, but it will probably be several years before things return to their pre-pandemic state.

The current Human Development Index (HDI) ranks Namibia 142nd out of 193 countries.

Shared history

For historical reasons, Namibia and Germany have a close and politically sensitive relationship. Namibia was a German colony from 1884 to 1915.

It was during this period that the Herero and Nama rose up against German colonial rule. The war that followed lasted from 1904 to 1908, during which, according to Namibia’s estimates, around 66,000 members of both peoples died. Many of the survivors were forced into compulsory labour or interned in camps. Members of many other ethnic groups were either driven off their land or forced to work on German farms.

In 2014, the German and Namibian governments agreed to begin a dialogue on reconciliation to investigate and address the atrocities. A draft of a joint political declaration was drawn up in May 2021, in which Germany would officially recognise the genocide against the Herero and Nama peoples and commit to supporting the country and the descendants of the victims through a 1.1 billion euro reconciliation and development programme. The declaration has yet to be signed by the two governments (as at April 2022).

Germany’s development cooperation with Namibia

The special relationship between Namibia and Germany is reflected in the scope of its development cooperation: Germany is currently the country’s biggest donor. The priority areas are closely aligned with the Namibian government’s development plans and strategies. The primary goal is to fight poverty and inequality.

During the government negotiations in June 2023, the Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) made a commitment of 51.5 million euros for bilateral development cooperation. This comprised 22 million euros in Financial Cooperation funding and 29.5 million euros in Technical Cooperation funding.

The focus of the cooperation is on the following core areas:

Sustainable economic development, training and employment | Areas of intervention: technical and vocational education and training, private sector and financial sector development
Climate and energy, just transition | Areas of intervention: Sustainable urban development, renewable energy and energy efficiency
Conserving nature and natural resources, protecting life on Earth | Areas of intervention: biodiversity, water

Cooperation is also continuing in the area of good governance with the aim of implementing the 2030 Agenda.

Control room of the Goreangab water treatment plant in Windhoek, Namibia

Germany’s activities in this area aim to contribute to the development of a social market economy with potential for growth, thereby enabling as many people as possible to participate in social and economic life. The focus is therefore on promoting employment and vocational training, increasing competitiveness and developing the financial system.

German development cooperation activities are focused on promoting sustainable and inclusive urban development. The efforts of local residents, experts from different disciplines and local authorities are being combined to transform informal settlements into liveable urban areas.

Two men harvesting mahangu, also called pearl millet

Namibia’s natural resources are vital to the lives of its population and form the basis of the country’s economic development, for example through agriculture, mining and tourism. The fair and sustainable use of natural resources is a core goal of Namibia’s strategy for alleviating poverty, and a key requirement for maintaining social peace.